SARA PATHSHALA

Public revenue refers to the total income a government collects from various sources to fund its operations and provide public services. In other words, public revenue is the sum of all these sources—taxes, non-tax income, grants, and borrowed funds. Governments use this money to pay for essential services like education, healthcare, infrastructure, and defense. Public Revenue Sources in the Context of Nepal Public revenue in Nepal refers to the income collected by the government to finance its operations, provide public services, and support development initiatives. Nepal operates under a federal system, established by the Constitution of 2072, which divides governance into three tiers: central, provincial, and local. Each level of government has specific revenue-raising powers, with the central government collecting the majority of the nation's public revenue. Below, I explain the main sources of public revenue in Nepal, focusing primarily on the central government while also ack...

Key Points Research suggests a positive but limited relationship between FDI and GDP in Nepal. FDI's impact on GDP growth is constrained by low investment levels and structural challenges. Political instability and poor infrastructure seem to hinder FDI effectiveness. Evidence leans toward FDI contributing to sectors like hydropower, but with modest GDP impact. Overview Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nepal show a complex relationship, where FDI can support economic growth, but its overall effect is not as strong as in other countries. Studies indicate a long-term positive correlation, yet the low scale of FDI and various internal issues limit its contribution to Nepal's economy. Trends and Data FDI as a percentage of GDP in Nepal has been low, typically around 0.1-0.2% in recent years, with a high of 0.5% in 2012 and a low of -0.1% in 2006. Challenges Factors like political instability, ou...

Definition of Managerial Economics Managerial economics is a branch of economics that applies economic theories, principles, and analytical tools to facilitate business decision-making. It focuses on helping managers make informed and efficient choices by providing a structured framework to analyze business problems, optimize the allocation of scarce resources, and achieve organizational goals. Essentially, it bridges the gap between abstract economic theory and practical management, enabling businesses to navigate complex market environments and enhance their competitiveness. In simpler terms, managerial economics equips managers with data-driven insights to answer questions like: How should we price our product? How much should we produce? Should we invest in this project? It combines qualitative reasoning with quantitative techniques, such as statistical models and forecasting, to guide optimal decision-making under conditions of uncertainty and limited resources. Scope of Manageri...

The evolution of money reflects humanity’s need for efficient exchange, trust, and economic scalability. It’s a story of adaptation, driven by social, technological, and political changes. 1. Barter Systems (Pre-3000 BCE) Before money, people traded goods and services directly—think swapping grain for livestock. Barter worked in small, trust-based communities but faltered with scale. Its flaws? The "double coincidence of wants" (both parties needing what the other offers), indivisibility of goods, and no standard value measure. 2. Commodity Money (3000 BCE–700 BCE) To solve barter’s issues, societies used widely valued goods as mediums of exchange—shells, beads, salt, or livestock. These had intrinsic value and were portable. Examples: Cowrie shells in Africa and Asia, or grain in Mesopotamia. But commodities were inconsistent in quality, hard to transport in bulk, and perishable. 3. Metal Money and Coinage (700 BCE–1500 CE) Metals like gold, silver, and copper became po...

Milton Friedman : "Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debts." John Maynard Keynes : "Money is that which serves as a unit of account, a store of value, and a medium of exchange." M oney is defined as anything that serves as a medium of exchange , a unit of account , and a store of value . These three functions are fundamental to understanding money's role in an economy. Medium of Exchange: Money is universally accepted in transactions for goods and services. It eliminates the inefficiencies of bartering by providing a common item that everyone agrees to use, making trade smoother and more efficient. Unit of Account: Money acts as a standard measure of value. It allows us to assign prices to goods and services (e.g., a car might cost $20,000, or a loaf of bread $3), making it easier to compare their worth. Store of Value: Money retains its value over time, enabling people to save it and u...

Point estimation is a statistical method used to estimate an unknown parameter of a population based on sample data. It involves choosing a single value, called a point estimator, to represent the parameter of interest. The point estimator serves as the best guess for the true parameter. The main objective of point estimation is to provide a single value, known as a point estimate, that serves as the best guess or approximation of an unknown population parameter. This parameter could be something like the population mean, variance, or proportion. Point estimation uses data from a sample - since measuring an entire population is often impractical - to calculate this single value. For example, if we want to estimate the average height of all adults in a country, we might collect a sample of 1000 adults, calculate the sample mean, and use that as the point estimate for the population mean. Ideally, a good point estimate should be unbiased (meaning its expected value matches the true popul...

  O nce upon a time, in the kingdom of Kapilavastu , a prince named Siddhartha Gautama was born. His father, King Suddhodana , wanted him to become a great ruler, so he kept him sheltered from the outside world. Siddhartha lived in luxury—golden palaces, fine clothes, and delicious food. He never saw suffering, pain, or hardship. But destiny had other plans. One day, Siddhartha left the palace and saw four sights that changed his life forever: One day, Siddhartha left the palace and saw four sights that changed his life forever: An old man – He realized that aging is inevitable. A sick man – He saw that illness brings suffering. A dead man – He understood that death is unavoidable. A monk – He saw peace in renunciation. These sights shook him to his core. He realized that wealth and power could not protect him from suffering. That night, while his wife and newborn son slept, he left the palace in search of truth. The Path to Enlightenment Siddhartha wandered through forests,...

Nepal’s monetary and fiscal policies work together to maintain economic stability and promote growth, especially in response to inflation and budget deficits. Monetary Policy (Managed by Nepal Rastra Bank - NRB) Inflation Control: NRB sets an inflation target (around 6.5%) and adjusts interest rates to stabilize prices Liquidity Management: The central bank uses tools like open market operations and reserve requirements to regulate money supply. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Nepal maintains reserves to cover imports for 7 months, ensuring economic stability. Interest Rate Adjustments: NRB lowers rates to encourage borrowing and investment when growth slows. Fiscal Policy (Managed by the Government) Budget Deficit Management: Nepal faces challenges with expenditures exceeding revenues, leading to fiscal deficits. Public Investment: The government prioritizes infrastructure and social programs to stimulate growth. Taxation & Revenue Collection: Import restrictions were lifted to b...

Nepal Electricity Authority 2081 (Level 4 and 5, Math). Must watch video for those who prepare for Nepal Electricity Authority.